{"id":1707,"date":"2026-10-27T12:42:25","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T11:42:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/scientific-evidence\/"},"modified":"2026-11-13T19:21:23","modified_gmt":"2026-11-13T18:21:23","slug":"scientific-evidence","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/scientific-evidence\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientific evidence"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1707\" class=\"elementor elementor-1707 elementor-1112\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5505d90b e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-section e-4c5761ff-3add \" data-id=\"5505d90b\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5505d90b\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5505d90b\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ace83dc e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-2587c517-83d3 \" data-id=\"1ace83dc\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"1ace83dc\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"1ace83dc\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56186981 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-3bf88520-bacc \" data-id=\"56186981\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"56186981\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"56186981\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"68996287\" class=\"nb-eyebrow e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"68996287\">For professionals<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 data-interaction-id=\"512a1519\" class=\"nb-h1 e-52c57788-33e7 e-heading-base e-default-h1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"512a1519\">Scientific evidence on the infant microbiome<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-7b8a57-5f6d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5d655129\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5d655129\">The studies, bibliography, and methodology underlying Novabiomica's indicators, gathered in a single reference space.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414b5adc e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-392a9f22-73ca \" data-id=\"414b5adc\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"414b5adc\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"414b5adc\">\n    \t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"e-image-base e-default-img e-32666a8c-9cc2\" data-interaction-id=\"240af90e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"240af90e\" id=\"1708\" src=\"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-novabiomica-la-scienza-generata-ai.webp\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-novabiomica-la-scienza-generata-ai.webp 1920w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-novabiomica-la-scienza-generata-ai-300x189.webp 300w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-novabiomica-la-scienza-generata-ai-1024x646.webp 1024w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-novabiomica-la-scienza-generata-ai-768x485.webp 768w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-novabiomica-la-scienza-generata-ai-1536x970.webp 1536w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/21-novabiomica-la-scienza-generata-ai-600x379.webp 600w\" alt=\"Researcher in the laboratory in front of a monitor showing the &quot;Antibiotic Resistance&quot; section of the Novabiomica platform\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-640ee434-43cf e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6a624a70\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6a624a70\">AI-generated image<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345ce431 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-section e-2b215534-901f \" data-id=\"345ce431\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"345ce431\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"345ce431\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7abfe69b e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-7233e47d-4663 \" data-id=\"7abfe69b\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7abfe69b\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"7abfe69b\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23e6369 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div nb-cf-head e-23c32657-f620 \" data-id=\"23e6369\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"23e6369\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"23e6369\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"1e6bb472\" class=\"nb-eyebrow e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1e6bb472\">Studies and publications<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"cc487d0\" class=\"nb-h2 e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"cc487d0\">From literature to the platform<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-7e18bd9d-7303 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"c22994a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"c22994a\">Scientific research on the infant gut microbiome is the foundation of the Novabiomica approach.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-75e12497-876b e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2f8e1bdd\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2f8e1bdd\">The selection of indicators is based on international scientific literature, including publications contributed to by researchers Giorgio Casaburi and Steven A. Frese.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-65f00925-d43e e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1e388db8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1e388db8\">In this section, we present the most relevant studies, their connection to the analyzed areas, and the methodology used, distinguishing biological evidence from the interpretative limits of the analyses.<\/p>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb258e0 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-5c517457-da2a \" data-id=\"eb258e0\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"eb258e0\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"eb258e0\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67a05a6c e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-7f63f0f7-eb1b \" data-id=\"67a05a6c\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"67a05a6c\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"67a05a6c\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"42a849d\" class=\"e-7b041287-d55c e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"42a849d\">Bifidobacteria and HMO \u00b7 2017<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"2f40b18f\" class=\"e-afde991-5ac0 e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2f40b18f\">Persistence of Supplemented Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis EVC001 in Breastfed Infants<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1eb585ef-5105 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4d4d4c65\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4d4d4c65\">Frese SA et al. \u00b7 mSphere \u00b7 2017<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-519487ed-2735 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"643cfd50\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"643cfd50\">The study documents the persistent colonization of B. infantis EVC001 in the breastfed infants studied and the associated changes in microbial composition and fecal biochemistry.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29242832\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"e-27cb0c84-85e3 e-button-base e-default-a\" data-interaction-id=\"737340bf\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"737340bf\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\tRead the study \u2192\n<\/a>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6348cb12 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-6281aa74-b5aa \" data-id=\"6348cb12\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"6348cb12\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"6348cb12\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"21f20c9b\" class=\"e-56353a61-6d8c e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"21f20c9b\">Gut resistome \u00b7 2019<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"c02c6fb\" class=\"e-7ff564e0-9f37 e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"c02c6fb\">Early-life gut microbiome modulation reduces the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-133bcb7f-51dc e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4f984811\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4f984811\">Casaburi G et al. \u00b7 Antimicrobial Resistance &amp; Infection Control \u00b7 2019<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-520b1e73-abbd e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"b8c3f32\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"b8c3f32\">The study analyzed the gut resistome of 60 breastfed infants, observing a lower abundance of genes associated with antibiotic resistance in the EVC001 group compared to controls.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31423298\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"e-3dec2f7d-1c68 e-button-base e-default-a\" data-interaction-id=\"77a1caa7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"77a1caa7\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\tRead the study \u2192\n<\/a>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f03570d e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-4ec94144-63e6 \" data-id=\"5f03570d\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5f03570d\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5f03570d\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73034937 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-3eb572c5-f151 \" data-id=\"73034937\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"73034937\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"73034937\">\n    \t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"e-image-base e-default-img e-36dd0592-a8d1\" data-interaction-id=\"78c6ef7d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"78c6ef7d\" id=\"1709\" src=\"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/giorgio-casaburi-espghan-2018-ginevra.webp\" width=\"1200\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/giorgio-casaburi-espghan-2018-ginevra.webp 1200w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/giorgio-casaburi-espghan-2018-ginevra-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/giorgio-casaburi-espghan-2018-ginevra-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/giorgio-casaburi-espghan-2018-ginevra-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/giorgio-casaburi-espghan-2018-ginevra-600x450.jpg 600w\" alt=\"Giorgio Casaburi at the lectern of the 51st ESPGHAN Congress in Geneva\"\/>\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-25e279bb-8924 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"27753fb7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"27753fb7\">Giorgio Casaburi presents the study in a plenary session at the 51st ESPGHAN Congress, Geneva, May 2018.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24b7e887 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-2ccf9775-7930 \" data-id=\"24b7e887\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"24b7e887\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"24b7e887\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"6a5d31e8\" class=\"e-5c43ce9e-95cd e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6a5d31e8\">ESPGHAN \u00b7 Geneva \u00b7 2018<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"65361a3a\" class=\"e-26280e9d-6e51 e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"65361a3a\">From research to international scientific discussion<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3a0e24ac-f86e e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3c38def3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3c38def3\">Giorgio Casaburi, lead author of the study and co-founder of Novabiomica, presented the research in May 2018 at the 51st annual congress of ESPGHAN, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, in Geneva. The contribution was selected among the Top Abstracts in the Nutrition area and among the ten best abstracts of the entire congress, with a presentation in the plenary session.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-104ff17d-69b1 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6709b5ec\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6709b5ec\">The results on the infant gut resistome were also the subject of a congress press release, distributed through EurekAlert, bringing the research to the attention of the international pediatric scientific community.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-40c35b97-a871 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4a500585\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4a500585\">A recognition that highlights the contribution to research on the infant microbiome and its relationship with antibiotic resistance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/919058\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"e-688ce7e2-f93a e-button-base e-default-a\" data-interaction-id=\"2777a095\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2777a095\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\tRead the release on EurekAlert \u2192\n<\/a>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b328a84 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-598f86d3-2865 \" data-id=\"2b328a84\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"2b328a84\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"2b328a84\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"2d635a20\" class=\"e-32f44e23-2a80 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2d635a20\">Virulence-associated genes \u00b7 2018<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"674c1e0e\" class=\"e-212f6497-86b8 e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"674c1e0e\">Colonization of breastfed infants by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis EVC001 reduces virulence gene abundance<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-5c2e469f-4ac9 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"65f6eb08\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"65f6eb08\">Casaburi G, Frese SA \u00b7 Human Microbiome Journal \u00b7 2018<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-4cbbeca2-5778 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5cac4aed\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5cac4aed\">The study observed a reduction in the abundance of genes associated with virulence factors in the gut microbiome of infants colonized with EVC001.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2452231718300137\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"e-2fd063e7-279a e-button-base e-default-a\" data-interaction-id=\"3a5dfa66\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3a5dfa66\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\tRead the study \u2192\n<\/a>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-551dc94 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-742540c9-1115 \" data-id=\"551dc94\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"551dc94\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"551dc94\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"3936c8e\" class=\"e-2dbf219b-407f e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3936c8e\">Microbiome and gut markers \u00b7 2019<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3482cd62\" class=\"e-30b4d78f-7d69 e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3482cd62\">Colonization by B. infantis EVC001 modulates enteric inflammation in exclusively breastfed infants<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-5727ee80-2f93 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1a55f2a9\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1a55f2a9\">Henrick BM et al. \u00b7 Pediatric Research \u00b7 2019<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-7c9efa48-e0f4 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"11f8bb0\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"11f8bb0\">The study examined the associations between B. infantis colonization, microbial composition, and fecal inflammatory biomarkers measured directly in infants.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31443102\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"e-179169bd-5550 e-button-base e-default-a\" data-interaction-id=\"3bb561d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3bb561d\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\tRead the study \u2192\n<\/a>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26b60f0c e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-39bc90d7-329c \" data-id=\"26b60f0c\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"26b60f0c\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"26b60f0c\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"3d18668d\" class=\"e-3a01ae59-dd34 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3d18668d\">Infant microbiome in the United States \u00b7 2021<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"3651f660\" class=\"e-2813daa9-5457 e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3651f660\">Metagenomic insights of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple sites in the United States<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-4fce5607-2b89 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4738569f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4738569f\">Casaburi G et al. \u00b7 Scientific Reports (Nature Portfolio) \u00b7 2021<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-45c7ac74-9d3e e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6b10f471\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6b10f471\">The study, coordinated by Giorgio Casaburi as lead author, analyzed the gut microbiome of 227 infants between 0 and 6 months using shotgun metagenomics, recruited across seven research centers in five American states.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-4cec0435-5ea0 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"161472d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"161472d\">The analysis highlighted a reduced presence of Bifidobacterium, a limited genetic capacity to utilize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and a frequent presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and genes associated with antibiotic resistance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-4166e6b9-4747 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6d64b749\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6d64b749\">These results helped highlight the importance of evaluating the infant microbiome not only through bacterial composition but also by considering its functional capabilities.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33479326\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"e-466544b7-8202 e-button-base e-default-a\" data-interaction-id=\"1f911121\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1f911121\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\tRead the study \u2192\n<\/a>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-946ac45 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-2fca3d16-9aa7 \" data-id=\"946ac45\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"946ac45\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"946ac45\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"1dd16c5\" class=\"e-15f899cc-3b1a e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1dd16c5\">Extended bibliography<\/h2>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a9ebb51 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  e-74364ae4-a5d3 \" style=\"--e-accordion-icon-rotation: 180deg;\" data-id=\"5a9ebb51\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"5a9ebb51\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"5a9ebb51\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7acf8dfc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  \" data-id=\"7acf8dfc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"7acf8dfc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"7acf8dfc\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c459efd e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-3836218-6816 \" data-id=\"2c459efd\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2c459efd\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2c459efd\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eb8a631 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"4eb8a631\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"4eb8a631\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"4eb8a631\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-2c798c3-75e1 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1e4ebbd3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1e4ebbd3\">Consult other scientific publications<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1da41530 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-3e5b6868-1c9e \" data-id=\"1da41530\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"1da41530\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"1da41530\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"40e12503\" class=\"e-7a6d3382-7578 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"40e12503\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35010337 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-276f2058-712b \" data-id=\"35010337\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"35010337\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"35010337\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f6eb5ef e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-7e43019f-f92a \" data-id=\"3f6eb5ef\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"3f6eb5ef\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"3f6eb5ef\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-31b620d7-4b34 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"59f64588\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"59f64588\"><strong>O'Brien et al. (2026)<\/strong> \u2014 Randomized, placebo-controlled trial reveals the impact of dose and timing of B. infantis probiotic supplementation<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-54d85384-2fea e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"14b69f58\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"14b69f58\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00518-25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dose and timing of colonization \u00b7 DOI 10.1128\/msphere.00518-25<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f9a88fe e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-71c4e725-8473 \" data-id=\"4f9a88fe\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"4f9a88fe\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"4f9a88fe\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-77de64b1-4759 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7ce97d6e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7ce97d6e\"><strong>Casaburi et al. (2022)<\/strong> \u2014 Metabolic model of necrotizing enterocolitis in the premature newborn gut resulting from enteric dysbiosis<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-7938c060-3452 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"547078a8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"547078a8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.893059\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Metagenomics and metabolites in premature newborns \u00b7 DOI 10.3389\/fped.2022.893059<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ff57025 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-7e459278-9432 \" data-id=\"1ff57025\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"1ff57025\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"1ff57025\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-63aba2d5-fa2f e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1995d96c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1995d96c\"><strong>Lueschow et al. (2022)<\/strong> \u2014 B. longum subsp. infantis EVC001 Decreases Neonatal Murine Necrotizing Enterocolitis<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-263ddc71-ceb5 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6b466b3a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6b466b3a\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14030495\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Animal model study \u00b7 DOI 10.3390\/nu14030495<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-397ef33d e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-6398a131-7349 \" data-id=\"397ef33d\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"397ef33d\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"397ef33d\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-5bee6ba7-74d5 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"52abbcd6\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"52abbcd6\"><strong>O'Brien et al. (2022)<\/strong> \u2014 Early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis in breastfed infants leads to persistent colonization at 1 year<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-38a0643c-7611 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2ee02a4f\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2ee02a4f\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-020-01350-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Persistence of colonization \u00b7 DOI 10.1038\/s41390-020-01350-0<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27793c85 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-2df571a7-6960 \" data-id=\"27793c85\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"27793c85\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"27793c85\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4ae4badd-a95e e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"582da148\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"582da148\"><strong>Nguyen et al. (2021)<\/strong> \u2014 Impact of Probiotic B. infantis EVC001 Feeding in Premature Infants<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-85c9e8c-3e9f e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3857f1f1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3857f1f1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.618009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prematurity, resistome, and HMO \u00b7 DOI 10.3389\/fped.2021.618009<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191fb190 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-7594063-e34b \" data-id=\"191fb190\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"191fb190\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"191fb190\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-64395377-c1bf e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"69bd73bb\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"69bd73bb\"><strong>Duar et al. (2020)<\/strong> \u2014 Comparative Genome Analysis of B. infantis Strains Reveals Variation in HMO Utilization Genes<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11e1a396-84ef e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2ca35362\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2ca35362\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12113247\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Comparative genomics and HMO \u00b7 DOI 10.3390\/nu12113247<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17497d9d e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-262c8973-807c \" data-id=\"17497d9d\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"17497d9d\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"17497d9d\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-331b3b4e-6a16 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"347c84eb\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"347c84eb\"><strong>Duar et al. (2020)<\/strong> \u2014 Integrating the Ecosystem Services Framework to Define Dysbiosis of the Breastfed Infant Gut<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-73dde6c5-eccc e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6cbec583\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6cbec583\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2020.00033\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The infant microbiome as an ecosystem \u00b7 DOI 10.3389\/fnut.2020.00033<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-639555e e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-2936c5c5-6318 \" data-id=\"639555e\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"639555e\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"639555e\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-add6cb2-491d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3c67ddd0\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3c67ddd0\"><strong>Duar, Kyle &amp; Casaburi (2020)<\/strong> \u2014 Colonization Resistance in the Infant Gut<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-204dd57e-cdf9 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"25acca61\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"25acca61\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ht9020007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colonization resistance \u00b7 DOI 10.3390\/ht9020007<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66be87a5 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-55600160-cf0b \" data-id=\"66be87a5\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"66be87a5\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"66be87a5\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-5f0797b7-ec66 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1e33bc2d\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1e33bc2d\"><strong>Karav, Casaburi &amp; Frese (2018)<\/strong> \u2014 Reduced colonic mucin degradation in breastfed infants<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-48714a42-de6e e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5e0c94c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5e0c94c\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.12516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mucin and the intestinal barrier \u00b7 DOI 10.1002\/2211-5463.12516<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41fbfbf8 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-1e8cc2d0-9cbc \" data-id=\"41fbfbf8\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"41fbfbf8\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"41fbfbf8\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4a8f5e22-9c26 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"949995b\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"949995b\"><strong>Henrick et al. (2018)<\/strong> \u2014 Elevated fecal pH indicates a profound change in the breastfed infant gut microbiome<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-17214b1a-dbda e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"16af0a0e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"16af0a0e\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSphere.00041-18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bifidobacteria and fecal pH \u00b7 DOI 10.1128\/mSphere.00041-18<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf6e9a1 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-4f08be86-3053 \" data-id=\"1bf6e9a1\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"1bf6e9a1\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"1bf6e9a1\">\n    \t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"2c3fed2c\" class=\"e-3ff4e663-9506 e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2c3fed2c\">From scientific evidence to microbiome indicators<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-715f307e-a768 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7e80a40a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7e80a40a\">Each area considers specific characteristics of the gut ecosystem, interpreted in light of available scientific knowledge and, where applicable, reference populations.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-3e18c0a0-9790 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"278a73f1\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"278a73f1\">The goal is to offer a detailed representation of the microbiome, distinguishing the presence of microorganisms, their functional potential, and the developmental trajectories associated with the child's age.<\/p>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59eee4da e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-base  e-6be7dcc8-8de4 \" style=\"--e-accordion-icon-rotation: 180deg;\" data-id=\"59eee4da\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-interaction-id=\"59eee4da\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion\" data-id=\"59eee4da\">\n    <details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f35448 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"5f35448\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"5f35448\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"5f35448\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bca5988 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"6bca5988\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"6bca5988\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"6bca5988\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-268f7eec e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"268f7eec\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"268f7eec\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"268f7eec\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4fbe526e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4fbe526e\">1. Gut microbiome maturation<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3e257 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"df3e257\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"df3e257\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"df3e257\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"e158234\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"e158234\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4261c3b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"4261c3b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"4261c3b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"4261c3b\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"22e3683e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"22e3683e\">Analyzes microbial composition in relation to chronological age and the developmental trajectories observed in reference populations. Through microbial maturation models, it describes the sample's position relative to the expected trend for that age.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"689ec1d3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"689ec1d3\"><strong>Indicators analyzed:<\/strong> estimated microbial age, chronological age, difference from the expected trajectory, maturation percentile, and comparison with available references.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1545e56d-6ac8 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7371f428\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7371f428\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-56072-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Scientific reference:<\/strong> Bottino GF et al. (2025), Early life microbial succession in the gut follows common patterns in humans across the globe. Nature Communications.<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b8b1588 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"5b8b1588\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"5b8b1588\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"5b8b1588\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16bbc6ac e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"16bbc6ac\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"16bbc6ac\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"16bbc6ac\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52465787 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"52465787\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"52465787\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"52465787\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3f4dc966\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3f4dc966\">2. Bifidobacteria and HMO utilization capacity<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e58a34 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"47e58a34\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"47e58a34\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"47e58a34\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"fd72f75\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"fd72f75\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c089273 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"5c089273\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"5c089273\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"5c089273\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7acfd7d8\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7acfd7d8\">Examines the presence and abundance of gut bifidobacteria, with a particular focus on Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, and identifies genes associated with the ability to utilize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"61914665\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"61914665\">The analysis integrates taxonomic and functional information, distinguishing the presence of specific microorganisms from the availability of genetic pathways involved in HMO metabolism.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"40344f29\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"40344f29\"><strong>Indicators analyzed:<\/strong> bifidobacteria abundance, B. infantis identification, subspecies genetic markers, HMO clusters, glycosidase (GH) families, genetic capacity to utilize fucosylated, sialylated, and other HMO structures.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1545e56d-6ac8 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"c82ea66\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"c82ea66\"><strong>Scientific references:<\/strong> Frese et al. (2017); Duar et al. (2020); Casaburi et al. (2021).<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d76eb88 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"4d76eb88\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"4d76eb88\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"4d76eb88\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23bc78f7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"23bc78f7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"23bc78f7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"23bc78f7\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27dbeae2 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"27dbeae2\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"27dbeae2\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"27dbeae2\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"625251c3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"625251c3\">3. Ecology, composition, and microbial diversity<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a168515 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"7a168515\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"7a168515\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"7a168515\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"68471f98\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"68471f98\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-292e91ca e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"292e91ca\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"292e91ca\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"292e91ca\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5da1180b\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5da1180b\">Describes the structure of the gut microbial community, considering the distribution of bacterial families, genera, and species, as well as the physiological variations that characterize the first months of life.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"f90e905\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"f90e905\">The analysis includes indicators of richness, diversity, and evenness, useful for describing the complexity of the ecosystem. Their interpretation must be contextualized by age: higher diversity does not necessarily represent a more favorable condition in a newborn.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"20718381\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"20718381\"><strong>Indicators analyzed:<\/strong> taxonomic abundances, observed species, Shannon index, inverse Simpson index, and Pielou's evenness index.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1545e56d-6ac8 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"216bb979\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"216bb979\"><strong>Scientific references:<\/strong> Frese et al. (2017); Casaburi et al. (2021); Bottino et al. (2025).<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3326f6ad e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"3326f6ad\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"3326f6ad\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"3326f6ad\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f3910f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"32f3910f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"32f3910f\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"32f3910f\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12527236 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"12527236\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"12527236\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"12527236\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"bc40f4e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"bc40f4e\">4. Gut resistome and antibiotic resistance genes<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aab3dd9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"7aab3dd9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"7aab3dd9\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"7aab3dd9\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"2aab8107\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2aab8107\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b99b9d7 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"1b99b9d7\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"1b99b9d7\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"1b99b9d7\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"c595df9\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"c595df9\">Characterizes the repertoire of genes associated with antibiotic resistance present in the gut microbiome, distinguishing resistance classes and selected genetic markers of biological relevance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"71306a16\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"71306a16\">This information describes the resistome detectable via metagenomics and is not equivalent to an antibiogram or proof of phenotypic resistance in a specific microorganism.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5a06b9a0\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5a06b9a0\"><strong>Indicators analyzed:<\/strong> ARG genes, antibiotic resistance classes, abundance of selected markers, and resistance gene diversity.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1545e56d-6ac8 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"627e3e33\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"627e3e33\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-019-0583-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Scientific reference:<\/strong> Casaburi et al. (2019), Early-life gut microbiome modulation reduces the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70f16f90 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"70f16f90\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"70f16f90\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"70f16f90\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2314c6ee e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"2314c6ee\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"2314c6ee\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"2314c6ee\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-242df9dc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"242df9dc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"242df9dc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"242df9dc\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"49cb7108\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"49cb7108\">5. Virulence factors and pro-inflammatory potential<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1995744f e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"1995744f\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"1995744f\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"1995744f\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"268fa4ca\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"268fa4ca\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35407cc6 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"35407cc6\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"35407cc6\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"35407cc6\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"196f580\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"196f580\">Examines selected genetic markers associated with bacterial virulence factors and microbial components of biological interest, including genes linked to the biosynthesis of specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"649e06a2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"649e06a2\">The identification of these markers does not prove the actual production of the molecules, the activation of an inflammatory response, or the presence of a pathological condition.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"39432eaf\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"39432eaf\"><strong>Indicators analyzed:<\/strong> selected virulence genes, abundance of virulence markers, and genes associated with the biosynthesis of LPS structures.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1545e56d-6ac8 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"34bae4da\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"34bae4da\"><strong>Scientific references:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vatanen T et al. (2016), Variation in Microbiome LPS Immunogenicity Contributes to Autoimmunity in Humans. Cell<\/a>; Casaburi &amp; Frese (2018); Henrick et al. (2019).<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-570ae487 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"570ae487\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"570ae487\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"570ae487\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1ef1b0 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"3c1ef1b0\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"3c1ef1b0\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"3c1ef1b0\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7145b7a9 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"7145b7a9\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"7145b7a9\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"7145b7a9\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"37178a24\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"37178a24\">6. Potential production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f49c86a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"6f49c86a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"6f49c86a\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"6f49c86a\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"12cb5540\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"12cb5540\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34df1cea e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"34df1cea\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"34df1cea\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"34df1cea\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"22b0679a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"22b0679a\">Analyzes microbial genes associated with metabolic pathways involved in the production of short-chain fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6ffa9af\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6ffa9af\">These metabolites participate in various interactions between the microbiome and the gut environment. Their biological significance varies depending on age, available substrate, and the structure of the microbial community.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2212968a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2212968a\"><strong>Indicators analyzed:<\/strong> genetic potential associated with the production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-6c20b23b-4962 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"11d623a5\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"11d623a5\"><strong>Scientific reference:<\/strong> Frese et al. (2017).<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6834abaf e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"6834abaf\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"6834abaf\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"6834abaf\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1429425b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"1429425b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"1429425b\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"1429425b\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e361207 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"e361207\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"e361207\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"e361207\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4c6096f4\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4c6096f4\">7. Lactate metabolism<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e8eb375 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"7e8eb375\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"7e8eb375\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"7e8eb375\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"9b7098b\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"9b7098b\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e13d96d e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"6e13d96d\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"6e13d96d\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"6e13d96d\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"578b6bf7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"578b6bf7\">Evaluates microbial genes associated with the production of lactate, a relevant metabolite in the ecology of the infant gut microbiome and in metabolic interactions between different bacterial populations.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2fee8598\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2fee8598\">Lactate can represent an important fermentation product for some bacteria, including bifidobacteria. However, the presence of the genes does not allow for determining the concentration of the metabolite in the gut.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"5db279e7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5db279e7\"><strong>Indicator analyzed:<\/strong> genetic potential associated with lactate production.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-2efc5dee-a7ee e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"69adca87\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"69adca87\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.948131\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Scientific reference:<\/strong> Pham VT et al. (2022), Stepwise establishment of functional microbial groups in the infant gut between 6 months and 2 years: A prospective cohort study. Frontiers in Nutrition.<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-566ecf70 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"566ecf70\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"566ecf70\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"566ecf70\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65df4a4c e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"65df4a4c\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"65df4a4c\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"65df4a4c\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fbbcebf e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"7fbbcebf\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"7fbbcebf\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"7fbbcebf\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"e3a39e5\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"e3a39e5\">8. Histamine metabolism<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cf4cd7c e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"5cf4cd7c\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"5cf4cd7c\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"5cf4cd7c\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"392f7630\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"392f7630\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54b97b5a e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"54b97b5a\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"54b97b5a\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"54b97b5a\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"649d8e6e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"649d8e6e\">Examines microbial genetic markers associated with the production of histamine, a biologically active molecule involved in numerous physiological and signaling processes.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"744d73a7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"744d73a7\">The presence of genes associated with this metabolism indicates functional potential and does not allow for establishing the amount of histamine actually produced or for attributing clinical symptoms.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3e87b25c\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3e87b25c\"><strong>Indicator analyzed:<\/strong> abundance of selected genes associated with histamine metabolism.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-367a5bdb-bc4f e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"36d0232e\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"36d0232e\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2017.08.011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Scientific reference:<\/strong> Barcik W et al. (2017), Immune regulation by histamine and histamine-secreting bacteria. Current Opinion in Immunology.<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e566968 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"2e566968\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"2e566968\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"2e566968\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3945aed8 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"3945aed8\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"3945aed8\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"3945aed8\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455a615 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"455a615\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"455a615\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"455a615\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"44cd08ca\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"44cd08ca\">9. Sulfur metabolism and H\u2082S production potential<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-424d154b e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"424d154b\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"424d154b\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"424d154b\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"2b24d217\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2b24d217\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cd360fc e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"7cd360fc\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"7cd360fc\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"7cd360fc\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"2f5ab7c6\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2f5ab7c6\">Identifies genes associated with selected microbial pathways involved in the production of hydrogen sulfide (H\u2082S), with particular reference to markers of sulfate-reducing bacteria.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"62c1f3ca\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"62c1f3ca\">H\u2082S is a molecule with biological effects that depend on context and concentration. Metagenomic analysis identifies genetic potential without directly measuring gas production.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3cf8a777\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3cf8a777\"><strong>Indicator analyzed:<\/strong> abundance of selected genetic markers associated with the potential for H\u2082S production by sulfate-reducing bacteria.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-2fd95dd8-10ae e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"66f1e092\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"66f1e092\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sci7030102\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Scientific reference:<\/strong> Liu L et al. (2025), Hydrogen Sulfide Has a Minor Impact on Human Gut Microbiota Across Age Groups. Sci.<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1545e56d-6ac8 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"520f5878\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"520f5878\"><strong>Associated module:<\/strong> Cautionary Load. The indicator contributes to the module by comparison with the distribution of the reference cohort, without attributing diagnostic significance to the result.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba76547 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-base  e-1e78e1bc-4eb9 \" data-id=\"7ba76547\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-interaction-id=\"7ba76547\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item\" data-id=\"7ba76547\" >\n    <summary class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64acc289 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-header-base  e-1dbd2a51-f8fa \" data-id=\"64acc289\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-interaction-id=\"64acc289\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-header\" data-id=\"64acc289\">\n    <span class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1667f7fd e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-title-base  \" data-id=\"1667f7fd\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-interaction-id=\"1667f7fd\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-title\" data-id=\"1667f7fd\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-4bd8c1d8-745a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7492269\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7492269\">10. Potential for intestinal mucin degradation<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/span>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c98e150 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-icon-base  e-2015756a-b40d \" data-id=\"7c98e150\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-interaction-id=\"7c98e150\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-icon\" data-id=\"7c98e150\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"159a82e1\" class=\"e-7a63416c-4832 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"159a82e1\">+<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/summary>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758053e1 e-con e-atomic-element e-accordion-item-content-base  e-72e1eabb-d5aa \" data-id=\"758053e1\" data-element_type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-interaction-id=\"758053e1\" data-e-type=\"e-accordion-item-content\" data-id=\"758053e1\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"e-6a03b16a-be2d e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"906c204\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"906c204\">Examines selected microbial genes associated with the degradation of mucins, fundamental components of the mucus layer that lines the intestinal epithelium.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-11c75d85-711a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4b4c6995\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4b4c6995\">The analysis allows for describing the genetic potential of the microbial community to utilize mucin-derived substrates, without directly measuring the integrity or thickness of the mucus barrier.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-3d947585-c48a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"57f91f7a\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"57f91f7a\"><strong>Indicator analyzed:<\/strong> curated genetic potential for mucin degradation.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1545e56d-6ac8 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6225a2e7\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6225a2e7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.12516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Scientific reference:<\/strong> Karav, Casaburi &amp; Frese (2018), Reduced colonic mucin degradation in breastfed infants.<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2511fc1b e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-5244f952-8b61 \" data-id=\"2511fc1b\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"2511fc1b\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"2511fc1b\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fa369c2 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-4bb1a3dd-378c \" data-id=\"7fa369c2\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7fa369c2\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"7fa369c2\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"dbf04ba\" class=\"nb-eyebrow e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"dbf04ba\">Analytical methodology<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"517b0161\" class=\"e-32d9e3ae-b2f7 e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"517b0161\">How we analyze the microbiome<\/h2>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69ae8df1 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-5f4f360e-d91f \" data-id=\"69ae8df1\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"69ae8df1\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"69ae8df1\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-78bc9473-d388 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"1526ef87\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1526ef87\">Novabiomica uses shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyze the microbial DNA present in fecal samples.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-11afe131-9718 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"4fa81116\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4fa81116\">Unlike methods based exclusively on the amplification of specific genetic regions, the shotgun approach allows for obtaining information on both the taxonomic composition of the microbiome and the genetic potential of selected microbial functions.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-1fc98554-2f89 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"49e1333b\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"49e1333b\">Sequencing data undergo quality controls, filtering of human-origin sequences, and bioinformatic analysis through dedicated pipelines. The results are then organized into indicators that facilitate the reading of infant gut microbiome characteristics.<\/p>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d7a1045 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-1aeb7cdf-651b \" data-id=\"5d7a1045\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5d7a1045\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"5d7a1045\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"6ffe1217\" class=\"e-e6a0ec2-39f6 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6ffe1217\">Fecal sample<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"2685e1da\" class=\"e-76b66d52-c97f e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2685e1da\">\u2193<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"7efe1975\" class=\"e-7648c3df-a0e3 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7efe1975\">DNA extraction and shotgun sequencing<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"7eb98b9f\" class=\"e-55ee2ab3-45ee e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7eb98b9f\">\u2193<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"3a805d93\" class=\"e-1ed9afce-9f4f e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3a805d93\">Quality controls and bioinformatic analysis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"38e51034\" class=\"e-4235dc4c-d00c e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"38e51034\">\u2193<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"1e61ec30\" class=\"e-13247132-bbc0 e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"1e61ec30\">Indicators and results in the platform<\/span>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c23473f e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-99b9910-66b3 \" data-id=\"2c23473f\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"2c23473f\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"2c23473f\">\n    \t\t\t<h3 data-interaction-id=\"b3e39d6\" class=\"e-4b7f3de3-dd01 e-heading-base e-default-h3\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"b3e39d6\">Limits of the analysis<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-26af7c21-2fbd e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"8284482\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"8284482\">The detection of genetic sequences does not necessarily prove gene expression or corresponding metabolic activity. Results must be interpreted considering the child's age, diet, clinical history, and other characteristics.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-634cbf84-d633 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"742b79dc\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"742b79dc\">The informational report is not a diagnosis or a therapeutic indication: for any doubts, consult your primary pediatrician.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25cf7b4b e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-10654d92-82fd \" data-id=\"25cf7b4b\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"25cf7b4b\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"25cf7b4b\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-587cf020 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-3358806c-bb3a \" data-id=\"587cf020\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"587cf020\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"587cf020\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"5177bd8b\" class=\"nb-eyebrow e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"5177bd8b\">Collaborations<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"2a4d8033\" class=\"e-136b85f4-be33 e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"2a4d8033\">Scientific experience<\/h2>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a29465c e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-1af6cf18-398a \" data-id=\"7a29465c\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7a29465c\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"7a29465c\">\n    \t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-12aa617e-60fe e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"6ad79825\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6ad79825\">Novabiomica's scientific approach is developed from research experience in the fields of the infant gut microbiome, metagenomics, and bioinformatics.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"nb-body e-1bc05936-511a e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"7c67d066\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"7c67d066\">Selected publications include contributions from Giorgio Casaburi and Steven A. Frese, who participated in studies dedicated to microbial colonization in the first months of life, human milk oligosaccharide metabolism, the resistome, and interactions between the microbiome and the gut environment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/about-us\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"nb-btn nb-btn-primary e-button-base e-default-a\" data-interaction-id=\"6cef0d29\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"6cef0d29\">\n\tDiscover the Novabiomica scientific team\n<\/a>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12459a43 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-section e-7f6f4a1c-bc21 \" data-id=\"12459a43\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"12459a43\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"12459a43\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d30dbb e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-28b9494a-ea68 \" data-id=\"9d30dbb\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"9d30dbb\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"9d30dbb\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1551ee80 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-default-div e-3238159e-998d \" data-id=\"1551ee80\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"1551ee80\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-id=\"1551ee80\">\n    \t\t\t<span data-interaction-id=\"38761997\" class=\"e-b75bed4-732c e-heading-base e-default-span\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"38761997\">For professionals<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-interaction-id=\"4202e77f\" class=\"e-1bba32fe-6703 e-heading-base e-default-h2\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4202e77f\">From evidence to the informational report<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"e-1e012a95-6241 e-paragraph-base e-default-p\" data-interaction-id=\"3ec98aeb\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"3ec98aeb\">Discover how Novabiomica translates this evidence into readable indicators, from the fecal sample to the dashboard.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/for-professionals\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"nb-btn e-5906a13d-921d e-button-base e-default-a\" data-interaction-id=\"4cf04b3b\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-id=\"4cf04b3b\">\n\tBack to For professionals\n<\/a>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For professionals Scientific evidence on the infant microbiome The studies, bibliography, and methodology underlying Novabiomica&#8217;s indicators, gathered in a single reference space. AI-generated image Studies and publications From literature to the platform Scientific research on the infant gut microbiome is the foundation of the Novabiomica approach. The selection of indicators is based on international scientific [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1707","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1707"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1710,"href":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1707\/revisions\/1710"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/novabiomica.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}